托福真經月報-2024年3月報

01.托福寫作題型速覽 INTRODUCTION TO TOEFL WRITING QUESTIONS

📝托福寫作2種題型

• 第1題 (Writing Task 1) :整合寫作題型
• 第2題 (Writing Task 2) :學術討論寫作題型

第1題 整合寫作題 Writing Task 1

本題考生將用約3分鐘閱讀一篇文章，再用約2分鐘聽一段教授講課音檔，閱讀題目後在20分鐘內完成寫作，統整聽力中教授講課內容如何回應閱讀中的論點。

建議練習方向為練習閱讀資訊改寫(換句話說)，練習聽力資訊詳實轉述，與練習使用高分模板寫作(推薦克雷英文滿分寫作模板)。

閱讀 (3分鐘) ➤聽⼒ (約2分鐘) ➤閱讀寫作題⽬ ➤寫作 (20分鐘) 建議字數250-300字

第2題 學術討論寫作題 Writing Task 2

本題考生將在10分鐘內，閱讀教授在討論板上提出的問題與兩位同學的回覆後，完成寫作，寫作中須對於討論串有貢獻，並且附理由與舉例提出自己獨特的論點。

建議練習方向為練習快速構思立場，練習如何寫作支持細節來支持立場（推薦克雷英文托福衝刺課），與練習舉出具體事例扣題。

閱讀題⽬與寫作(10分鐘) 建議字數120-150字

02.托福整合寫作真題 TOEFL WRITING TASK 1 QUESTION

整合寫作真題題目(2024年3月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading Passage：

Recent research has shed light on the health of aquatic ecosystems and the results are not good. One place of particular concern is the Chesapeake Bay, in the northeastern United States. In the case of Chesapeake Bay, several techniques have been recommended to combat the harmful effects stemming from human activities.

The first recommended technique is to discontinue the harvesting of crabs. Crab fishing has a long history in the Chesapeake Bay, but unsustainable fishing practices have reduced crab populations to dangerous levels, so much so that the Chesapeake Bay crab is now an endangered species. Making crab fishing illegal will ensure that the crab population can return to healthy size. It is also relatively easy to enforce, as police can simply monitor the boats that go out into the bay.

A second aquatic ecosystem restoration technique is to introduce oysters into the Chesapeake Bay. Oysters are able to filter and mitigate pollutants and act as natural aquatic filters. Like fish, oysters pass water over their gills exchanging gas. However, oysters also filter out particles in the water. In essence, the oyster is absorbing all the pollution in its surrounding area and pumping out fresh, clean water. This would dramatically reduce microplastics and chemicals in the water that are harmful to other species.

Another threat to the Chesapeake Bay comes from farms that use fertilizers. If too much fertilizer is used or applied at the wrong time, it can easily wash off and flow into lakes and streams. Fertilizers contain nutrients that can over-stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Too much plant life in the water reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the bottom of the bay, affecting water temperature. It also changes the acidity of the water. Educating farmers of the consequences of fertilizer usage as well as instructing them on proper usage and application should be forefront in conservation techniques.

聽力題目逐字稿 Lecture：

The Chesapeake Bay does face tremendous threats. However, the solutions mentioned in the reading passage all pose specific problems themselves and are far from ideal.

First, completely banning fishermen from harvesting Chesapeake Bay crabs would have a seriously detrimental effect on local industry and economics. Except for farming, crab fishing is the only major industry in the area. Making it illegal would eliminate the livelihood of thousands of families, many of whom have been working in this field for generations. In addition, local restaurants would suffer if they were unable to sell the region’s most famous dish. It is hard to imagine that fishers and other locals would approve this regulation or follow it.

Second, introducing oysters to act as natural water filters has several drawbacks. Introducing nonnative species to an environment oftentimes also introduces new diseases and pathogens which may create adverse conditions for native species. Oysters are known to carry several types of diseases which, if transmitted to local fauna, could lead to significant population declines. The Chesapeake Bay is a unique ecosystem, unlike any other in the world. This increases the probability that newly introduced species will upset the natural balance that has persisted for centuries.

Finally, educating farmers near the Chesapeake Bay about the harms of overfertilizing is not a realistic measure either. For one thing, there is a problem of numbers. Most of the farms near the bay are small, so there are thousands of farmers. Educating all of them just doesn’t seem possible. Beside that, farming is competitive in this region and if one farmer can outsell their neighbors, they may be able to profit greatly. Even if farmers do learn about the harms of fertilizers, they may not change their behavior. There is no incentive for them to stop fertilizing, if they feel their neighbors will keep doing it.

02.托福整合寫作範文 1 TOEFL WRITING TASK 1 SAMPLE ANSWER 1

問題：

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage.（2024年3月真題）

👩‍🦱整合寫作美國老師滿分示範範文- 全文(字數:299字)

The reading passage discusses threats facing the Chesapeake Bay’s ecosystem and describes several possible solutions to these problems. However, the reading passage casts doubt on each of the suggestions, indicating that they will be ineffective or even counterproductive.

First, the reading passage explains that crab populations in the Chesapeake Bay have declined greatly due to overfishing. It suggests a ban on crab fishing, but the professor in the lecture points out the economic impact of such a policy. Many families have relied on crab fishing for generations and would lose their livelihood. Furthermore, restaurants would struggle if they lost their most popular dish. Thus, banning fishing would have negative consequences.

Another suggestion mentioned in the reading is to introduce oysters to the bay. These aquatic creatures have gills, like fish, and filter out many pollutants such as microplastics. While the professor does not contest their ability to purify water, she does point out that introducing a new species to an ecosystem can have devastating consequences for local species. They might carry diseases that would harm native animals. Because of this, oysters should not be introduced to the Chesapeake Bay.

Finally, the reading passage describes the harm of fertilizers that wash into the bay from farms. These cause plant growth that changes the temperature and chemistry of the water. The listening passage disagrees that educating local farmers about the dangers of fertilizers would be effective. For one thing, it would be difficult to educate the vast number of farmers. Besides that, many farmers would ignore the advice in order to outsell their neighbors. Therefore, an educational program would not resolve the issue.

Though the reading passage’s suggestions initially seem sound, the professor in the lecture reveals the shortcomings of each one. None of the recommendations withstand a more careful examination.

👱‍♀️整合寫作滿分示範範文- 全文(字數:305字)

The reading passage explores the issue of the health of Chesapeake Bay’s aquatic ecosystem, and several reasons are provided in support of the argument. Although the argument seems convincing and substantiated, the lecturer casts doubts on it for the following reasons.

First, even though the reading passage suggests that prohibiting the unsustainable crab fishing activities in the Chesapeake Bay will protect the endangered crab populations, the lecturer argues that this would have a huge impact on the local economy. He believes that farmers’ livelihoods would be eliminated and without the region’s specialty, crab cuisines, to sell, the local restaurants’ business would suffer as well. Therefore, the lecturer’s argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.

Second, the writer claims that the introduction of oysters into the Chesapeake Bay can help restore the ecosystem, as oysters can screen out the pollutants in the water. Conversely, the speaker refutes the idea by explaining that such a nonnative species will be detrimental to the survival of the native species. New diseases might enter the original ecosystem, upsetting its natural balance.

Last but not least, the lecturer acutely identifies the weakness in the reading that educating farmers on the proper use of fertilizer is far from practical or effective. He convincingly points out that with thousands of small farmers in the entire Chesapeake Bay, it is impossible to educate all of them. Moreover, he provides an example that farmers have no incentive to stop fertilizing, given the competitiveness of the farming industry. As a result, they will not stop using fertilizers as long as they can outsell and profit more than their competitors.
In conclusion, based on the evidence provided above, it can be clearly seen that stances on both sides are contradictory. Although the contents of the reading passage seem plausible, the speaker disproves them with solid reasoning.

03.托福獨立寫作真題 TOEFL WRITING TASK 2 QUESTION

學術討論寫作真題 題目(2024年3月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on human resource management. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following:
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.

An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Achebe:
This week, we’ll be discussing how technological advances are transforming the job market, making some jobs unnecessary. Let’s focus on government actions. Suppose the government had to choose between two ways in which to support people whose jobs are no longer needed. The government could either give them enough money to live on until they find new jobs or offer them free job training without giving them money directly. Which of these two solutions do you think is better? Why?

Andrew (student 1):
I believe that the government should prioritize providing free job training opportunities. Modern training programs are usually costly, which means that many people will not be able to afford them without the government’s funding. By participating in training programs, people will develop new, in-demand skills and become more competitive in the job market.

Kelly (student 2):
Although I agree that having access to free training programs sounds promising, I think the government’s first step should be to give people enough money to live on until they find new jobs. This money will go directly into people’s pockets and allow them to make their own choices concerning their future.

👩‍🦱學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：194字）

I agree with Andrew that the government should offer professional training for free to those whose jobs are being replaced by technology. To add to his point, I believe that it is a more sustainable and long-term solution than simply providing financial aid.

Although Kelly made a point by saying that people need the money to live on before they find their next job, I think only by helping them acquire new skills and stay up-to-date with the market can we ensure that they will not be easily replaced again. Free job training improves people’s competitiveness, giving them the confidence to find a position in the ever-changing job market. For example, my friend’s mom used to work as a highway toll collector. Seeing how toll collection had been digitalized over the years with electronic toll-collecting tags being attached to almost every car, she realized it was time for a change. She went back to school and obtained a teaching certificate. Now she works as an elementary school teacher and has found her value for society.

Therefore, I am of the opinion that providing free job training is the fundamental way to solve this problem.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：156字）

I agree with Kelly that the government’s first step should be to give people enough money to live on until they find new jobs. To add to her point, I believe that providing financial support directly to individuals offers immediate relief and stability, which is crucial during a job loss.

Financial support can prevent economic hardships such as housing instability and food insecurity. This safety net allows people to explore career options and pursue opportunities that match their skills and interests without the immediate pressure to survive. For example, a factory worker laid off due to automation could use this support to cover living expenses while researching retraining programs, seeking career counseling, or starting a small business. This financial cushion allows them to make informed decisions about their future, leading to more suitable and fulfilling employment.

Hence, providing direct financial support empowers individuals to make choices that best suit their situations while offering immediate relief and stability.

學術討論寫作真題 2 題目(2024年3月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on education. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following.
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Achebe:
Teachers have to study for a long time to earn teaching degrees before they are ready to work in the classroom. Some people feel that in addition to earning a university degree, teachers should be required to take courses every few years to update their knowledge. Do you agree that there should be a mandate for teachers to take courses every few years, so they know the latest developments in their fields? Why or why not?

Andrew (student 1):
I support this policy of making teachers continue to take courses throughout their careers. This is especially important for science teachers because new scientific discoveries are made all the time. Teachers need to be aware of any new developments in their content areas so they can update their lesson plans as needed to make sure students are getting current information.

Claire (student 2):
I think this mandate sounds good in theory, but it might be hard to implement. Teachers already have very busy schedules, as they spend a lot of time preparing lessons, teaching, and grading. Teachers also often participate in different professional development opportunities, so taking mandatory courses on top of all this work might be burdensome for many teachers.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：188字）

Claire mentioned that making it a mandatory requirement for teachers to attend classes and update their knowledge might be impractical. To add to her point, I believe that with younger students coming in and the national exams being reformed year after year, teachers are already updating their knowledge regularly.

Learning has already been part of a teacher’s job. For example, in my country, Taiwan, the government launched a new curriculum in 2019, focusing on students’ overall competence instead of only evaluating them on their intellectual abilities. All of the textbooks, grading systems, and tests have been reformed ever since. Teachers will have to include more aspects of learning to their lesson plans, such as giving students more hands-on experience, helping them find a connection between knowledge and their surroundings, and improving their awareness as autonomous learners. This already requires teachers to step out of their comfort zone and upgrade their knowledge. Otherwise, their students will not be able to do well on exams or get admitted to their ideal university.

Therefore, I believe that it is unnecessary to require teachers to take courses every year.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：155字）

I agree with Andrew that teachers should be required to take courses every few years to stay updated on the latest developments in their fields. To add to his point, continuous professional development is essential for maintaining high educational standards because it ensures that teachers remain knowledgeable and effective in their teaching practices.

It also allows teachers to use new technologies and innovative practices, making learning more engaging and relevant. For example, consider a mathematics teacher who regularly updates their knowledge through professional development courses. They can learn about the latest educational tools and software, such as interactive math apps and online resources, which can help students grasp complex concepts more easily. This not only benefits the students by providing them with up-to-date knowledge and skills but also helps the teacher remain motivated and passionate about their profession.

Hence, requiring teachers to take courses every few years ensures a higher quality of education for students.

學術討論寫作真題 3 題目(2024年3月真題)

問題：

Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following.
– Express and support your opinion.
– Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Doctor Gupta:
This week, we’ll be looking into family dynamics. One common concern in our field is that due to busy schedules, many families have limited time to spend together, so connections within families may grow weaker over time. Let’s begin by discussing the following viewpoint: the best way for a family to strengthen family bonds is to work on something together, for example, cooking, gardening, or working on a craft project. Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? Why?

Andrew (student 1):
I agree. Families feel more connected while working together rather than while doing passive activities, such as watching TV. While working together, family members have an opportunity to engage in an in-depth discussion and share their thoughts and feelings. Working toward a common goal, such as planting a garden, helps families create happy memories and feel a sense of accomplishment.

Claire (student 2):
I don’t think working together is the best way for every family to strengthen family bonds because every family is different and even within one family, it is difficult to find tasks that are interesting to everyone. While working together, family members may disagree about how to best accomplish tasks, which may result in an argument.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文1（字數：150字）

I agree with Claire that working together as a family will probably not strengthen family bonds but even lead to more disagreement. To add to her point, I believe people within the same family, though growing up together, each have distinctive personality traits.

It is difficult enough for these families to respect each individual’s differences and get along in their everyday lives, not to mention collaborating intensively on a project. For example, due to differences in age, childhood experiences, and learning environments, I have very little in common with my mother and younger brother. The huge gap in our hobbies, ways of thinking, and communication styles has often resulted in a toxic relationship. The best way for us to show love and support for each other is to keep a distance.

Therefore, I firmly believe that working on a family project is not necessarily the best way to create bonds.

學術討論寫作滿分示範範文2（字數：152字）

Andrew mentioned that families feel more connected while working together rather than doing passive activities like watching TV. To add to his point, I believe that engaging in collaborative activities fosters communication and teamwork among family members.

Working together on projects encourages family members to talk, share ideas, and listen to each other, which enhances understanding and closeness. Collaborative tasks also teach important life skills and create a sense of shared responsibility and accomplishment within the family. For example, last year, my family and I decided to renovate our living room together. We discussed and planned the new layout, selected the paint colors, and worked together to paint the walls and rearrange the furniture. This process not only resulted in a beautiful, refreshed living space but also created lasting memories and strengthened our family bond.

Hence, engaging in joint activities allows families to connect on a deeper level, fostering communication and teamwork.

04.托福口說題型速覽 INTRODUCTION TO TOEFL SPEAKING QUESTIONS

👄托福口說部分總共有4題：

• 第1題➤獨立題型 ➤個人意見題
• 第2題➤整合題型 ➤校園情境題
• 第3題➤整合題型 ➤觀念例子題
• 第4題➤整合題型 ➤學術講課題

第1題 Speaking Task 1

題目中會提供兩個立場論述，請你擇一立場附理由解釋你的觀點，或是提供單一論點，請你附理由解釋自己同意或不同意。

看到題目➤準備 (15秒)➤口說回答 (45秒)

第2題 Speaking Task 2

題目中將提供一篇閱讀篇章(學生陳情信、校園公告等)，後播放一段聽力音檔，內容主要為2位學生的對話。閱讀以及聽完之後，考生須統整閱讀與聽力資訊作口說摘要。

閱讀 (45-50秒)➤聽力 (約1-1.5分)➤準備 (30秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

第3題 Speaking Task 3

題目中將提供一篇閱讀篇章，內容主要為學術文章，後播放一段聽力音檔，內容主要為教授講課片對。閱讀以及聽完之後，考生須統整閱讀與聽力資訊作口說摘要。

閱讀 (45-50秒)➤聽力 (約1-1.5分)➤準備 (30秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

第4題 Speaking Task 4

題目將播放一篇聽力音檔，內容主要為學術講課，聽完後考生須作口說摘要。

聽力 (約1-2分)➤準備 (20秒)➤口說回答 (60秒)

05.托福口說第1題真題與示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 1 QUESTION, SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology distances people from each other more than it brings them together. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.
(2024年2月真題）

🎙口說第1題 示範答案音檔

口說第1題 示範答案 逐字稿

I disagree that technology distances people more than it brings them together for two reasons. Firstly, it allows for global collaboration, as seen with tools such as Slack and Google Workspace. They connect people from diverse backgrounds for common goals. Secondly, in times of crisis, technology plays a vital role in uniting people. For example, social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram enable individuals to share information and offer support during disasters. This is why I believe technology actually brings people closer, rather than driving them apart.

06.托福口說第2題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 2 QUESTION

口說第2題 真題(2024年3月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading

Quiet Time in the Dorms
Starting next month, quiet time will be observed after 10:00 P.M. on weeknights. This means that no loud noise will be permitted in the dorm rooms or hallways during this time. This will ensure a quieter environment for those who are studying or resting in their rooms. If you wish to watch television or play music loudly, you may utilize the dormitory lounge after 10:00 P.M. Besides reducing nighttime noise, the new policy is also expected to reduce the number of disputes among roommates and neighbors. Such disagreements are often about noise, so the new policy will reduce tensions in the dorms.

聽力題目逐字稿 Conversation

Listen to a conversation between two students

A: So, what do you think of this new policy?

B: I think we really need it.

A: Why?

B: Well, right now, I spend more time in the library than I’d like to and I’m sure a lot of other students do too. There’s just too much partying going on in the dorms. It’s impossible to get any work done there and I’d really like to do more studying in my dorm room.

A: So it would really help?

B: Right. And besides that, what if you have early morning classes? You’d probably want to go to bed early, you know, but in my dorm room that’s almost impossible. I think the new rule will help with that a lot.

A: OK, but do you think this can help improve relationships between students?

B: Yeah, I do. Like my friend, she has a roommate who’s always playing loud music in their room. Every time she asks her roommate to lower the volume, they get into an argument and after all this time, she still can’t get her roommate to keep the volume down.

A: So things aren’t really great between them?

B: Not at all. It’s hard for one student to tell another student what to do, but if the university makes a rule, everyone has to stick to it and you don’t have to confront anyone. It makes it easier to get along.

06.托福口說第2題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 2 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

The student expresses his opinion of the announcement. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.（2024年3月真題）

🎙口說第2題 示範答案音檔

口說第2題 示範答案逐字稿

The campus announcement mentions that quiet time will be observed in the dorms after 10:00 P.M. on weeknights. The student in the listening thinks that this is a good idea for the following two reasons. First, there’s too much noise going on in her dorm room, making it hard for her to focus and get work done. This rule will also help her be able to go to bed early if she has early morning classes. Second, the student thinks that this can help improve relationships between roommates. For example, when her friend asked her roommate to lower the volume, they got into an argument. But if the university establishes a rule for everyone to follow, the argument would be resolved easily. This is why she feels this way.

07.托福口說第3題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 3 QUESTION

口說第3題 真題(2024年3月真題)

閱讀題目 Reading

Outcome Dependency
People’s first impressions of another person may be influenced by whether they depend on that person to help them achieve a particular goal. When people perceive their success as being dependent on another person, they tend to have a favorable initial impression of that person. Researchers call this phenomenon “outcome dependency.” In this circumstance, a person is so focused on their goal that they might ignore other aspects of the people they meet, such as personality or common interests. The person might be especially friendly towards people who seem equipped to help them.

聽力題目逐字稿 Lecture

OK, some researchers did a study on this at a company that sold office equipment. The salespeople at this company worked as a team. This team had certain sales goals and if they reached those goals, every member of the team would receive a nice bonus, a nice big, extra paycheck at the end of the year. OK, so what these researchers did was, they divided this sales team into two groups and they showed both groups a video, the same video. This video featured a man who was also a salesperson. This man was talking about himself, about his qualifications, his past work experience, and so on. For one group of salespeople, after they’d seen the video, the researchers asked them what they thought of the man in the video, whether they thought he’d be an effective salesperson. The members of this first group weren’t particularly impressed with the man. They weren’t sure he had the qualifications or the right personality to be a good salesperson. OK, but before the second group of salespeople watched the video, the researchers told them that the man in the video was going to be joining their sales team at the company; that he’d be helping them sell office equipment, helping them work towards that big bonus at the end of the year. After this second group saw the video, when the researchers asked them what they thought of the man, they said they thought he seemed really likable and confident, that he’d probably be an excellent salesperson. Now remember, this second group watched the same video as the first group watched. The only difference was that the second group saw the man in the video as someone they’d be working with, that they’d be relying on to help them meet their sales goals.

07.托福口說第3題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 3 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

Using the example provided in the lecture, explain the concept of outcome dependency.（2024年3月真題）

🎙口說第3題 示範答案音檔

口說第3題 示範答案逐字稿

The reading passage discusses the concept of outcome dependency, which refers to when people have a more positive impression of others if they believe that they can help them achieve a goal. The professor in the lecture gives the example of researchers conducting a study relating to salespeople. At a certain company, if the sales team reached certain goals, each member would receive a bonus. The researchers divided the sales team into two groups and showed both groups a video featuring a man. The first group was not particularly impressed with the man. However, before the second group watched the video, they were told that the man in the video would be joining their sales team and helping them achieve their sales goals. When this second group watched the same video, they perceived the man more positively, seeing him as likable and confident, and believing he would be an excellent salesperson. This demonstrates how outcome dependency influences people’s perceptions of others.

08.托福口說第4題真題 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 4 QUESTION

聽力題目逐字稿 Listening

So, in many animal species, the mother is very protective of her young, her offspring, and she won’t let any other animals, even of the same species, come near them. But, well, in other cases for some species, the mother will actually allow another animal of the same species, a younger female, to help her take care of her offspring. This relationship benefits both animals in a couple ways.

First, this provides the mother with someone to care for her offspring for short periods of time, and the mother will have time to go off and perform other activities important to her survival and the survival of her offspring. Take rhesus monkeys, for example. In the environment that these monkeys live in, finding food and eating takes quite a bit of time. A rhesus monkey mother will leave her babies in the care of a younger female when she, the mother, goes off to find food. That way she has enough time to get food for herself and her offspring, food they need to survive, and meanwhile the younger female keeps the babies safe and sound.

Now, another benefit of this arrangement is that it helps train the next generation of mothers, preparing them to care for their own babies when they become mothers themselves. We see this in rhesus monkeys as well. There are a number of mothering skills that don’t necessarily come naturally to new mothers. They have to learn to hold babies and keep them warm, or even how to climb trees with only one arm, since the other will be carrying a baby. Taking care of another monkey’s offspring allows the younger female rhesus monkey to develop these important mothering skills, so when she has her own offspring, she will be ready.

08.托福口說第4題示範答案 TOEFL SPEAKING TASK 4 SAMPLE ANSWER

問題：

Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways that benefit both animals when helping each other to take care of their young.（2024年3月真題）

🎙口說第4題 示範答案音檔

口說第4題 示範答案逐字稿

The lecture discusses the benefits of mother animals allowing others to assist in caring for their offspring. First, this allows mothers to engage in other activities necessary for survival. For example, a mother rhesus monkey sometimes lets another female, often a younger one, help care for her offspring. This gives her time to search for food for herself and her young. Second, for the helper, it’s a valuable learning experience in maternal care. For instance, a young female rhesus monkey might learn to carry babies and keep them warm. These will be valuable skills when she later has babies of her own to care for. These are the benefits provided in the lecture.

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